20 years of dramatic changes in the where a large European Union, they change in the international system as identified as their our lifetime, just as we can not put the United States as the former British colony known as l r characteristics of the era of the new trends are likely to become the new Europe of the future direction of the new benchmark.
political parties and traditional political apathy of the new European countries, the current crisis
a prominent feature of political apathy. Central European countries generally there organizational crisis, a crisis of faith, power crisis, the phenomenon of the method is rational authority can only gain legitimacy from the institutional structure of its own political difference with the original, instead of relying on individual charismatic leader to inspire the enthusiasm of the public, so people on politicians waned, young people do not care about politics, familiarity with national political figures are far better than us, have decreased the number of candidates, political apathy of the public participation in politics will lower the high rate of abstentions is a common problem. The dramatic changes in Central and Eastern European countries from the beginning of the 80-90% participation rate decreased to 40% now -50% of Bulgaria, for example, the 1990 turnout rate was 90.6% in 1994 decreased to 74.3% in 1997 and further dropped to 62.4%, 5 July 2009 parliamentary elections reached 60.2% participation rate , has in recent years is that some of the highest national elections, Poland, in 2005, the voting rate was only 40.97% in 2009, the European Parliament elections in Slovakia, only 19% of the vote.
This shows the political enthusiasm of the people reduced, does not matter who is in power, the other in these countries have experienced 6-7 times 4-5 times parliamentary elections after the presidential election and the enthusiasm of the people reduced to the pragmatic development, do not look at what those in power to shouting slogans, but by how they do it, people are not enthusiastic about what ; social justice only among some politicians and to do after taking office are different, and hence what has been less important. In addition, constitutional democracy will lead to mediocrity in the state had, in the past interested in politics, 1989, drastic changes, and especially since the accession in 2004 to prove that they meet the old Europe, In today's After Union also brought a are greatly reduced. Autonomous organizations in the community before the Government's commitment to gradually fill some of the features. increase the number of citizens groups, such as wave, Jie, NGO Hungary, countries in transition have a camel in the exponential growth in the number and complexity of funding sources and values individuality. mainstream political parties are not a small impact, even on the political practice of the evaluation criteria have changed and people no longer participate as in the past by a political party to express their political aspirations, in the multicultural single core values have lost charm. to force the third sector-based Elite has been in a place away from public life, and now the fast food culture, internet culture, hippie culture, rock culture, club culture, rave culture in the Square, the political aspirations and cultural integration of entertainment, politics, serious deconstruction of the original and the cohesion of the traditional political parties, not only to young people in pursuit of becoming a fashion, but also gradually accepted by the entire population.
, three-dimensional, high efficiency, high strength, high frequency, wide spread, low cost, have shown unprecedented power, and soon became the young Internet users participate in politics, government, an important place in politics, everyone is subject to express their opinions both channels of information communicator, it has become wider space for international public opinion. for example the Czech Republic in October 2009 general election rallies have now opened, the network is a major propaganda platform. Czech Republic take full advantage of all the major online media for political parties, voters, their political agenda through the network released its , law of the land, press releases, news releases, video blog to answer voter questions, and read, follow, comprehensive public opinion, and then announced that the infinite expansion of the information in a short time, although the traditional street propaganda tool still in use, but its means of dissemination of information, speed, scale and vivid with the network level can not be compared to the government media have been in the elite and influential young students, in general, the right-wing political parties in a more basic form a ;, Russia's concentrated in the older groups, their advocacy to mobilize and rally the streets are still the traditional conservative form of publicity, and gradually losing its young people, In addition, the level of the network and the degree of vitality and rejuvenation of political parties in direct proportion to the degree, It will become an indispensable tool for future development of political parties. Of course the network of non-rational emotional outlet is also likely to cause the rapid spread of some non-normal escalation, resulting in some negative impact, as some neo-Nazi groups in Germany is the use of networks and organizations echoed gathering trouble, remote command.
born during the period of fundamental change and transition 80, 90, after a generation of political demands and significantly different, the class boundaries between them, professional distinction has blurred. These people are highly educated , foreign language well, interested in internet communication, direct access to outside information, the traditional political lack of interest in any aspect of the force from taking a hostile attitude towards all. As the Internet free of space and geographical constraints, and video, extensive use of mobile phones for the existence of these new organizations to provide a platform. Internet and mobile phone antennae can be covered anywhere in these countries, the development momentum is very fierce. Its development would undermine the traditional political parties, civil society, the new Internet age development led to closure of the ideological worship of the past was broken, the individual in values under the impact of people no longer with the pragmatism with idealism but to look at ideology. countries in Central Europe, has become a symbol of the old system obsolete, it is neither possible target is characterized by threatened to ground the sky, and strong penetration. Such organizations can play a positive development if the enthusiasm of multiple forces, but also conducive to social self-discipline and self-government, between government and society as a mixed, some of which have extremely mixed thoughts of the to specific questions as a starting point, it can be due to the rapid accumulation of a specific event, such as mercury can be spilled to normal soon vanish, the so-called Forum, in the dark, and many Internet users, the government feels this social trend will lead to social disorder, and anarchy of fragmentation, but for from their trend, has become a social force not to be underestimated of such organizations will be central European countries how to manage a new task facing.
card get 91 billion euros in aid in recent years, the development of new and old Europe, double the average in Europe, the Czech Republic accession in 2004 when just 580 euros per capita wages, and now to 900 euros, the new European countries on energy, environmental protection, tourism, service industry as a breakthrough, to further improve the European common market, to intensify ties with the EU old member states, now they are 60% -90% direct investment from the EU, 75% -80% of the merchandise exports to the EU, and in the budget, legislation to EU standards, etc., formed by the United States political, economic school in Europe, rely on NATO security situation. Currently, the new European standard of living than in 1990 increased by 50% -70%, has now reached an average of old Europe 59% of the standard of living, frequent movement of staff to enable them to work in welfare policies in line to Western Europe, trying to narrow the gap with the welfare of old Europe. the original wave, Jie, Hungary, Sri Lanka in the planned economy of these countries formed under the fairly comprehensive farmers in 1978 the retirement system, but that time is After the old European Union countries as services, providing people do not need to Thanksgiving, do not provide All public services must be the people's consent claims, because they are a provider of state tax revenue, which party's social welfare policy implementation well, which party's support rate will be high, despite the current lack of these transition countries generally strong financial support But in recent years, a consultative mechanism for citizens to participate in the social security system involvement than more comprehensive economic transition early, but the government has made the people more and more demands.
of the huge welfare spending, Western Europe, governments have generally feel powerless, the more reluctance EU countries in transition. But the parliamentary election under a democratic system needs to please the voters and therefore increase the welfare benefits they promise to become the party's electoral magic, and welfare projects, once realized, it is difficult to step down, because they allow people to hand things and then spit it out to offend people. interesting: the implementation in such countries to increase welfare is right, but rather left to reduce welfare, and Western Europe are often the opposite. to Hungary, for example, as I In the deficit, tightening government administrative costs, pensions and social welfare, the 2009 national civil service a fixed wage system, when the first 13 months of salary reduced by half, to be completely stopped in 2010 the first 13 months of wages, the central government should also reduce the subsidies to local governments, these measures was the unanimous opposition of the community, the Socialist Party's support rate has plummeted. and its rivals, determined to win the 2010 election Fidesz Fangchuhualai, they came to power to do first thing is to restore policy impact. For example, if the Central European countries say the reasons for the current crisis, long-term public policies, appropriate development of the Some researchers believe that the current turmoil in the early 90's transition, Although both will find some similar form in the manifestations, and now the In general, are active in the election because of electoral politics needs to please the voters, political parties before the election are often the most request to the Government the best time, so long as it is reasonably easy to achieve the economic purpose of requirements, from this point of view, this is precisely reflected in the new Europe and old Europe the country's Some people enjoy the results, most people pay the price, and gradually being marginalized, the absence of social justice, a serious divide between rich and poor, corruption, rising unemployment, the pain of transition, prolonged, romantic hopes dashed, the disappearance of the original rules The new rules set up when there is no independent helpless people can not get a sense of security in the new environment, so they lead to mass nostalgia filled the air, coupled with some mistakes in the transition strategy, many promises unfulfilled, there will be a kind of escape freedom of thought or movement calls for an iron fist, it will mean the redistribution of resources made the request and call an iron hand, the the usual sense of the so-called person's martial spirit, against the universal value. It can be seen as basically the prevalence of dissatisfaction with the existing system, but suffer from the bursting of the traditional idealism of the helpless, and blind impetuous emotional rendering. populists generally have the following characteristics: It is a strong reaction to the crisis, will tend to , but also known as more, but still has its market, there are some organizations exist, in particular the lower social consensus after accession, has increased discontent, for a number of populist political parties provided an opportunity, like the Czech Republican Party in Hungary about BAK , the Slovak National Party, the Bulgarian's advocate for disadvantaged groups look. as Paul. Taggart said: we can determine the outcome of economic transition.
Overall, the first phase of economic reforms in Central European countries than in Russia and the Balkan countries to regulate, pay more attention to the legitimacy of transactions and fairness, whether it is Poland's man privatization presidential election, about twice their rotation Hence, it is in many of the reincarnation, basically to achieve a smooth transfer of power, there was no way around not the institutional memory of, but not the breeding ground that populism does not exist, because the Union disappeared after the pressure to achieve the objective, and horizontal comparison scale changes compared with the psychological gap between old Europe and the German In July of concerns .2009 2,500 skinheads in Hungary took to the streets, but an unexpected turn of the Bulgarian transition the rapid rise of seats, becoming the largest party, the party with a clear populist to color. the symbolic figure, emerged as prime minister of Bulgaria was is Paul were leaders of the Zhivkov's personal guards, and later to the king Xinei Ang II had been a bodyguard, but also a strong sector of the Secretary-General Ministry of the Interior, but also the same as Putin is a favorite and playing with weapons, Takeo, Borisov's policy agenda to strengthen the authority of the commitment to control, the establishment of rigid government, fighting corruption, the establishment of equality and harmony within society, focusing on the nation's traditional values, etc..
short, Western European countries, both the new issues have their own problems, they are tireless in their pursuit to achieve the birthplace of some of the problems are also faced with the model, so it was called are: the accumulation of an archaeological excavation face, the legacy of each level are both problems in the past, there difficult future. The new Europe has achieved great success, but it is not once and for all, destined to remain in her groping in the road.
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